Effect of phoenix dactylifera spathe on seminiferous tubules structure and spermatogenesis in rat

Background and Objective: The spathe of phoenix dactylifera contains protein, fatty, fiber, sugar, moisture, furfural, coumarin, organic compounds of camphor family, phytosterols, 1, 2-Di methoxil 1, 4-Di methyl benzene. This study was done to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of phoenix dactylifera spathe on seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis in adult male rats

Methods: In this experimental study, 50 adult male rats were randomly allocated into five groups including: control, sham and expermintal groups 1, 2 and 3. Animals in control group did not receive any treatment. Animals in sham group were received 0.2 ml normal saline intraperitoneaily. Animals in experimental group 1, 2 and 3 were received 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg/bw of alcoholic extract of phoenix dactylifera spathe intraperitoneaily, respectively. After 14 days of study, the testis was removed and the sections of tissue were prepared. Testosterone hormone measured by y-counter method

Results: Serum levels of testosterone and the spermatozoa count were significantly reduced in the experimental groups in compared to control and sham groups [P<0.05]. The count spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, spermatid, sertoli and leydig cells and seminiferous tubules structures did not reduce in the experimental groups in compared to control and sham groups

Conclusion: Phoenix dactylifera Spathe alcoholic extract at doses of minimum and medium in adult male rats reduces sera level of testosterone and spermatozoa number

Effect of Grape seed oil [Vitis vinifera] on serum gonadotropins and testosterone levels in adult rats exposed to lead acetate

Background and Objective: Lead exposure induced toxic effects on reproductive system. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Grape seed oil [Vitis vinifera] on serum gonadotropins and testosterone level in toxicited adult male rats by lead acetate. Methods: In this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats were r and omly allocated equally into 7 groups. Animals in control group did not receive any matter. Animals in the sham, experimental 1 and experimental 2 groups were received orally distilled water, 8ml/kg Grape seed oil [GSO] and 0.1 mmol/lit lead acetate for 21 days, respectively. Animals in the experimental group 3, 4 and 5 were received 0.1 mmol/lit lead acetate for 21 days and then 2 ml/kg/bw, 4 ml/kg/bw and 8ml/kg/bw GSO from day 22 up to day 42, recpectively. Blood samples were taken from control, sham and experimental groups 1 and 2 at the end of day 21. At the end of day 42, blood samples were taken from experimental groups 3, 4 and 5. Serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by Radioimmunoassay. Results: Serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone were significantly reduced in the experimental group 2 in compared to control group. Serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone were significantly increased in experimental group 4 and 5 in comparision with the experimental group 2. Conclusion: Grape seed oil extract at doses of 4 and 8ml/kg/bw increased serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone in lead acetate exposed male rats

[ effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise on levels of aplin-12 plasma and blood pressure in hypertensive middle-aged women]

Introduction: Adipose tissue secretes many adipokines, including chemerin, visfatin, and apelin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on plasma levels of apelin and blood pressure in hypertensive middle-aged women

Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 elderly hypertensive women were selected and randomly divided into two groups, the control and experimental. The training program included aerobic exercises conducted, 3 times a week, for 12 weeks. Blood samples and blood pressure measurements of participants were obtained both before starting the exercise training and again 24 hours after the last training session. Data was evaluated by using the dependent and independent t-test for comparisons within groups and between groups, with significance level set at p_0.05

Results: After 12 weeks of aerobic exercise, decline in serum levels of Apelin [p=0.03], and systolic blood pressure [p=0.001] were observed in the experimental group, whereas no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure [p=0.12] was seen. In the control group however no significant changes in serum levels of apelin [p=0.50], systolic blood pressure [p=0.20] and diastolic blood pressure [p=0.40] occurred

Conclusion: The results showed that 12 weeks of aerobic exercise, caused a decreasing trend in levels of plasma apelin and systolic blood pressure, thereby lowering blood pressure of patients hypertensive

[Evaluating the effects of dual frequency sonication parameters on acoustic cavitation by chemical dosimeter using iodide]

Production of acoustic cavitation by sonication has been recently recommended as a targeted treatment. The experimental results from studies indicate that the activity of cavitation generated by bi- or multi-frequency ultrasound irradiation is higher than that caused by single frequency irradiation. In this study, effects dual [1 MHz and 40 kHz] and single frequency sonication on acoustic cavitation were investigated by chemical dosimeter using iodide. In this study, we investigated the exposure parameters in low level dual-frequency ultrasound in near fields of 40 kHz and 1 MHz in the progressive wave mode by chemical dosimeter using iodide. Finally, the effective protocol for enhancement of the inertial cavitation activity was determined. It has been shown that the dosimeter absorbance in the continuous mode sonication is more than the pulse mode. Moreover, significant correlations were found between the time and intensity of single and dual frequency sonication and the iodide dosimeter absorbance. In constant energy, inertial cavitation activity in the pulse mode remained approximately constant. Among different combinations, the combined ultrasound sonication in continuous mode could produce a more remarkable enhancement of the inertial cavitation activity [1.78 times] than the algebraic sum. Simultaneous combined dual frequency sonication is more effective than single frequency sonication in producing the inertial cavitation activity

[ effect of oral magnesium sulfate on the level of pituitary-thyroid axis hormones [TSH, T3, T4] in rat]

Magnesium is a unique element among the trace elements, because it plays a role in a vast range of metabolic processes such as carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and the integrity of nucleic acids. Noting the role of this element in the physiological activity of organelles and tissues and the importance of the regulation of thyroid hormone levels in the body, this study considered the effect of esculent magnesium sulfate on the values of TSH, T3, and T4 hormones. In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats weighing nearly 190-200 g were used. The rats were divided into five groups of eight: the experimental groups received 2, 4, and 8 molars of edible magnesium sulfate solution, respectively, while the control group received nothing. The sham group received only distilled water. The prescription was continued for 28 days and bleeding the heart was done to measure the mentioned factors of the serum. The mean concentration of the hormones was analyzed using suitable statistical methods, such as ANOVA and Tukey's test, and compared between the control and experimental groups. The statistical analysis showed that the concentrations of TSH, T3, and T4 hormones increased significantly after receiving the different values of magnesium sulfate compared with the control group [p < 0.05]. Based on the results of this investigation, magnesium sulfate in the last 28 days increased the thyroid activity leading to increased serum levels of TSH, T3, and T4 hormones

[Measurement of left ventricular myocardium wall instantaneous motions with echocardiographic sequence images]

One of the important aims of quantitative cardiac image processing is the clarification of myocardial motions in order to derive biomechanical behavior of the heart in the disease condition. In this study we presented a computerized analysis method for detecting the instantaneous myocardial changes by using 2D echocardiography images. The analysis was performed on the myocardial septum wall of 10 healthy participants in longitudinal and short axis views. Myocardial muscle's vertical and horizontal displacements in the basal and apex segments were also estimated. In order to detemin the validity of the planned program, manual measurements were performed too and the results of automatic and manual methods were compared. Pearson's test used to find out the correlation between manual and automatic methods and the linear correlation function between these two methods was extracted by the confidence level of 95%. There was significant correlation between the displacements of the base and apex segments of the interventricular septum acquired using block matching and manual methods [R2=0.91, p<0.05]. In studying the difference between the two methods based on their average, significant correlation between the manual and block maching methods was observed. Maximum displacement of the interventricular septum wall measured by block matching algorithm and manual method showed no significant difference. Since the proposed approach based on block matching is capable of assessing the instantaneous changes of regional myocardial wall in longitudinal and short axes views of sequential B-mode images, it has the potential to be used in clinical practice

[Comparisons of three advanced oxidation processes in organic matter removal from Esfahan composting factory leachate]

Wet air oxidation [WAO] is one of the advanced oxidation process which is mostly used to reduce organic matter concentration from industrial wastewater, toxic and non biodegradable substance and solid waste leachate. The objective of this paper is comparisons of three advance oxidation in organic matter removal in different conditions from Esfahan composing factory leachate. The experiment was carried out by adding 1.5 Lit pretreated leachate sample to 3Lit autoclave reactor and adding 10 bar pressure at temperature of 100, 200 and 300 °C and pressure [10 bars] with retention time of 30, 60 and 90 min. leachate sample in 18 stages from composting factory in Isfahan in the volume of 20 lit was taken and the three methods WAO, WPO, and a combination of WAO/GAC were used for pre-treatments. Pure oxygen and 30% hydrogen peroxide was used as oxidation agent. The result shows significant improvement on the removal rate of COD [7.8-33.3%], BOD5 [14.7-50.6%] by WAO process. The removal efficiency of 4.6-34% COD, 24-50% BOD, was observed in the reactor. Adding the GAC to the reactor improved removal efficiency of all parameters. Combination Process [WAO/GAC] removed 48% of COD, 31-43.6% of BOD. Combination process demonstrated higher efficiency than two other previous methods as BOD5/COD ratio of 90% achieved. The WAO process presented in this paper is efficient for pretreatment of leachate, And the modified WPO process remove organic materials and ammonia moreover WAO/GAC can be considered as an excellent alternative treatment for removing reluctant organic matter [COD, BOD5] and organic nitrogen compounds, which found in leachate

Leachate treatment using wet air oxidation processes

Wet air oxidation [WAO] is one of the advanced oxidation process which reduce organic matter concentration from industrial wastewater, toxic and non biodegradable substances and, solid waste leachate,etc. In this study the efficiency of wet air oxidation method in leachate treatment generating from Esfahan Composting factory was Evaluated. The experiment was carried out by adding 1.5 Lit of pretreated leachate sample the steel reactor with the volume of 3L. The reactor then underwent 10 bar pressure at different temperature [100, 200 and 300 °C] and various retention time [30, 60 and 90 min]. Leachate sample in 18 stages from composting factory in Isfahan in the volume of 20 Lit was taken and the WAO method, was used for pre-treatments. Removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH4-N, NO3 and TSS were examined. The results showed that the removal efficiency was more than 35% for COD, 38% for BOD, and 85% for TSS within one hour of reaction. The Maximum removal efficiency obtained in this study were 53.3% for NH4-N and 73.9% forNO3-N. the results indicate that the reaction temperatures are the most important factors affecting degradation of organic matter. COD and BODS removal efficiency by WAO process increased as the time of reaction went up. In addition, BOD5/COD ratios of the effluents, which are generally regarded as an important index of biodegradability of leachate sample, were determined and improved grately as it reached to 84%. The WAO process presented in this paper is considered an efficient process for pretreatment of leachate, as the COD, BOD5 and NO3 reduction observed in leachate samples

Evaluation of stability parameters in in-vessel composting of municipal solid waste

Composting is a reliable technology for production of stabilized organic matter that is suitable for agriculture, but this process should be carefully monitored with appropriate indices. Quality of compost is important from maturity and stability viewpoint, but in most compost factories proper attention is not paid to it. This study was designed to evaluate the stability indices in municipal solid waste composting, for selecting the best index in quality monitoring of the wastes. Processed and shredded municipal solid waste from Isfahan compost plant was used as raw material in an in-vessel composting process. A cylindrical reactor with 1 m height and 50 cm diameter made of Pyrex glass was designed. Air was supplied at a specifically flow rate 0.2 L/min.kg to maintain aerobic condition. NH[4][+]/ NO[3] ratio, dehydrogenase enzyme activity [DA], pH, oxidation reduction potential [ORP or Eh] and specific oxygen uptake rate [SOUR] were used as stability indices. These parameters were measured during 40 days of composting process. Changes in these parameters during this period were surveyed and analyzed. Statistical analysis was carried out to choose best of them. Results showed that among the indices, SOUR can show the different stages of microbial decomposition and a numerical value for compost stability also SOUR value less than 2 mg O[2]/gVS.h can show the full stability of compost

Apoptosis of human lymphocytes after exposure to hydatid fluid

Modulation of the immune response is an important strategy by which establishment and growth of hydatid cyst in the internal organs of human is warranted. Induction of apoptosis in the lymphocytes might be a considerable component. This study was designed to evaluate apoptotic impact of hydatid fluid [HF] on human lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes were treated with hydatid fluid. After 6 hours of exposure, caspase-3 activity, the central enzyme of apoptosis cascade, was measured by fluorometric assay in the HF-treated lymphocytes and control cells. In addition, the expression of Bax [a pro-apoptotic protein] and Bcl-2 [an anti-apoptotic protein] mRNA was assessed by RT-PCR after 12 hours of exposure. Both the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression and Caspase-3 activity were higher in the HF-treated lymphocytes relative to the control group. Apoptosis could be as a possible mechanism by which Echinococcus granulosus overwhelms host defenses

effects of capparis spinosa hydroalcoholic extract on blood glucose and lipids serum in diabetic and normal male rats

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders in the world which affects glucose metabolism in the body. Diabetes mellitus is due to lack of insulin secretion and/or failure in insulin action. Researches conducted in the last few decades on plants have reported anti-diabetic properties for some herbs and their traditional use for diabetes treatment. Capparis spinosa is one of these herbs which are used as an anti-diabetic treatment in tribal medicine. The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-diabetic effects of Capparis spinosa on blood glucose and serum lipids in streptozotocin induced diabetes in male rats. In this experimental study conducted at Yasouj University of Medical Sciences in 2010, five groups of animals were selected. Three groups out of five were administered with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to become diabetic. Group I were fed normal diet. Group II of animals received 20 mg/kg/day Capparis spinosa extract. Group III received no treatment [diabetic control] and animals of groups IV and V were treated with capparis spinosa fruit extract 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight respectively for three weeks. Blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and body weight were measured in all animals. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software using one-way ANOVA. Treatment with the 30 mg/kg/body weight of capparis spinosa fruit extract showed a significant decrease in blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL, and a significant increase in HDL level. In addition, administration of 20 mg/kg/body weight of capparis spinosa extract decreased blood glucose and lipid levels in diabetic rats. It can be concluded that the oral administration of capparis spinosa extract at the dose of 30 mg/kg/body weight has glucose and lipids lowering activity in diabetic rats

[ effect of cabergoline on level of liver enzymes and serum proteins in adult male rat]

The liver has an important role in the metabolism of chemical drugs and plasma protein synthesis. Caberoline is used in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia and Parkinson disease and some of other disorders. This study aimed to find the effect of cabergoline on the liver enzymes and serum proteins. In this experimental study 40 adult male Wistar rats were divided in to five equal groups. The drug was subcutaneously injected for 14 days. The experimental groups received 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg respectively. The control group had no drug and the last group received distilled water. At the end, blood samples were taken from all subjects and liver enzymes, ALT [Alanine Transaminase], AST [Asportate Transaminase], ALP [Alkaline phosphatase], Albumin and total protein were determined by outoanalyzer in order to evaluate the liver function. The results were analyzed by non-parametric [K Independent Sample] tests. No significant differences were observed in the level of ALT and AST enzymes between cases and control groups. The level of ALP in case groups [474 +/- 53.06, 471 +/- 28.7] showed a significant decrease compared to the control group [551 +/- 31.64]. Total protein showed a significant decrease in the groups who received medium and maximum doses of cabergoline [4.6 +/- 0.05 and 4.46 +/- 0.02 compared to 4.71 +/- 0.08 in control group]. As there was no significant difference in the level of AST and ALT as the main indicators of liver function, it could be concluded that cabergoline as a dopamine antagonist has no side effects on the liver parenchymal cells, but more study seems to be needed

[ effect of hydrochloric extraction of valerian on number and size of raphe magnus neurons in adult rats]

Effective materials from Valerian officinalis L. have too much usage in the pharmacological industry. It is used as a sedative, anticonvulsion, and antidepressant drug. Serotonin has a widespread role in vital function such as sleep, awareness and calmness. In this study we evaluated the effect of hydrochloric extract of valerian on number and size of raphe magnus neurons in adult rat. In this experimental study, which was conducted at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences in 2009, forty adult Wistar rats, each 170-250 gr, were divided randomly into four groups [one control group and three experimental groups]. The animals were injected daily for one month with doses of 300, 400 and 600 mg/kg of the extract. The control group just received distilled water. After transcardial perfusion, the whole brain was separated, then 10 micro m sections of the brain stem were prepared, and hematoxylin and eosin [H and E] staining were done. Number and size of raphe magna neurons were observed under light microscope. The gathered data were analyzed by the SPSS software using One-way ANOVA and LSD. The control group did not statistically show significant changes in number of raphe magna neurons. Comparison of the means of long and short diameter neurons showed significant increases in experimental groups with control group [P<0.05]. In experimental groups the neuron nucleuses were more euchromatic than the control group. Hydrochloric extract of valerian has no effect on raphe magnus neurons, but it is effective on neurons' size. It can be concluded that the extract increases both neurons activity and serotonin secretion

Analysis of malaria epidemic features in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Southeast of Iran, 2005-2008

An essential determinant for designing accurate strategies in malaria control is the precise knowledge of local epidemiology, which is time and location dependent. This study was designed to analyze the data on the verified malaria cases, reported in the southeast Province of Iran, Sistan and Baluchistan, from March 2005 to 2008. All the reported cases of malaria in the mentioned period were defined and epidemiologic characteristics of each case were registered and statistically analyzed. The annual incidence rates were 469, 345, and 359 [per 100000] in the 3 consecutive years, respectively. Malaria patients were mainly 15-44 year old males, mostly living in the rural areas. Imported malaria from Afghanistan and Pakistan was considerable [15-20%]. While malaria was more prevalent in the southern part of the province, the percentage of Plasmodium falciparum was higher in the western areas. The incidence of malaria reached its annual peak from July to October. This study clearly reveals that malaria is a significant disease in southeast Iran. The geographic pattern may implicate an important role of cross-border traffic in the importation of malaria in this area

effect of lamotrigine on morphine antinociception in formalin test in male rat

Background and Purpose: Lamotrigine is a novel potential antiepileptic drug, which is not structurally dependent on the current antiepileptic drugs; it has fewer side effects too. The present study intends to assess the effects of Lamotrigine on the antinociceptive activity, induced by morphine, by using the formalin test as a test of nociception

Methods and Materials: This experimental study was conducted on 56 adult male rats. The animals were divided into seven groups of eight rats, considered as one control, one sham and five experimental groups [one group receiving 2mg/Rat of morphine alone, three groups receiving 2mg/Rat morphine accompanied by Lamotrigine in doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/Rat and the fifth group receiving only 75 mg/Rat of Lamotrigine alone]. The drugs were intraperitoneally injected 15 minutes before the formalin test. The sham group received the same volume of physiologic serum, and the control group received formalin alone. The study data were analyzed in SPSS using Tukey and Kruskal Wallis test; level of significance was considered to be 0.05

Results: Mean pain score following the injection of maximum dose of lamotrigine together with morphine was 0.08 +/- 0.001, which indicated more local analgesic effects at the acute phase in comparison with the injection of morphine alone [0.11 +/- 0.0005] [p<0.05]. Also, mean pain scores following the injection of different doses of lamotrigine [25, 50, 75 mg/rat] together with morphine were 0.08 +/- 0.007, 0.06 +/- 0.0004, and 0.06 +/- 0.002 respectively, which caused a significant reduction in the pain scored the chronic phase of formalin test in comparison with morphine alone [0.09 +/- 0.0005] [p<0.05]

Conclusion: Prescription of lamotrigine accompanied with morphine, in comparison with the prescription of each alone, has better effects on the process of pain score reduction

[Prevalence of abuse of ophtalmic anesthetic drops among welders in Kerman city [2007]]

Abuse of topical anesthetic drops causes serious ocular complications. Obtaining information about the prevalence of anesthetic drops abuse among high risk groups specially welders is necessary for taking appropriate strategies for prevention. The present study aimed at determining the prevalence of anesthetic drops abuse among welders in Kerman. In this cross-sectional study, 390 welders selected randomly were asked for the consumption of anesthetic drops by using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 software. In whole, 314 ones [80.5%] said that they use tetracaine and of whom 295 ones [93.9%] had used the drug frequently. Lack of time for referring to Physician, high cost of visiting by physicians, spontaneous relief of symptoms and no other therapeutic measure by physicians were the most important reasons of self-treatment in welders. In whole, 216 ones [69.3%] had heard about these drugs from their coworkers, 85 ones [27.2%] from physicians, 51 ones [16.3%] from pharmacy personnel and 9 ones [2.9%] from their family members. The prevalence of abuse was significantly higher in those with post secondary educational level [P<0.05]. Most of the subjects [97.4%] had got the drugs from pharmacies and without prescription. High prevalence of anesthetic drops abuse among welders and probably other similar jobs and educated people, their prescription by general practitioners and their selling in pharmacies without prescription requires more serious measures for prevention

Estimation of septal wall thickness by processing sequential echocardiographic images

Non-invasive quantitative analysis of the heart wall thickness is a fundamental step in diagnosis and discrimination of heart disease. Thickness measurements in 2D echocardiographic images have many applications in research and clinic for assessment of wall stress, wall thickening and viability parameters. The measurement of interventricular septum wall thickness by conventional manual method is more dependent on sonographer's experiment.This encouraged researchers to develop a semi-automatic computer algorithm to access interventricular septum segments thickness. We proposed and developed a computerized algorithm for wall thickness measurements in 2D echocardiographic image frames. In this program, wall thickness measurement is based on intensity profile function and adaptive bilateral thresholding operation. For validation, thicknesses of septum base and mid segments were estimated in constituent image frames using proposed technique followed by comparing them with conventional manual results from same images of the cardiac cycle by statistical methods. In our sample image frames [240 corresponding segments; with different range of image quality], a bias of 0.10 mm and 0.12 mm with SD differences of +/- 0.81 mm and +/- 0.72 mm and correlation coefficients of 0.87 and 0.89 were found in base and mid segments, respectively. Interobserver variability using the computer-assisted method [CAM] and conventional manual technique [CMM] were 4.0% and 4.7% for the basal and 2.8% and 3.9% for the middle segments. The method introduced in the present study permits precise thickness assessment of base and mid segments of the interventricular septum wall with high concordance with CMM

Ventilator-associated pneumonia among ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation and prophylaxis of gastrointestinal bleeding

Pneumonia in ventilated intensive care unit [ICU] patients is one of the most serious nosocomial infections with a frequently fatal outcome. Retrograde colonization of the oropharynx from the stomach by micro-aspiration of gastric fluid was shown to be associated with pneumonia. The purpose of the present study was to compare the frequency of ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP] between two groups of ICU patients taking gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis including ranitidine or omeprazole. This double-blind randomized clinical trial was achieved on 129 subjects receiving at least 48 hours mechanical ventilation. They were assigned in 2 groups of ranitidine and omeprazole as the prophylactic regimen of stress-related gastrointestinal bleeding. In ranitidine group, 6 patients [9.7%] developed VAP compared to 8 subjects [13.1%] in the other group, however, chi square analysis failed to show a significant difference [P=0.4]. The incidence of VAP in ICU patients receiving either ranitidine or omeprazole did not differ significantly, however, further studies with greater sample size are required to draw a firm decision

[ effects of trifluralin on LH, FSH, and testosterone levels and testis histological changes in adult rats]

Trifluralin is a dinitroaniline herbicide and is used for controlling of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in agriculture. It enters into the plants through developing roots and stops plant cells from dividing and elongation [meristemic inhibitor]. According to entrance of this herbicide into the body via fresh vegetables, in this research the effects of trifluralin on reproductive parameters of the male wistar rats including serum LH, FSH, testosterone, and changes in testicular tissue and body weight were investigated. In this experimental study, forty male wistar rats with weight of 250 +/- 5g were randomly divided in 5 groups, including control, sham [received normal saline as a solvent], and three experimental groups receiving 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg oral trifluralin, respectively. It was administered orally once a day for 16 days. After 16 days, body and testis weight were measured and blood samples were taken from heart and used for measurement of LH, FSH and testosterone levels. To evaluate histological changes, testes were removed and weighed and, after obtaining tissue section, stained by Hematoxilin-Eosine. Serum testosterone, FSH, and LH levels showed significant decrease in experimental groups [p<0.001, p<0.05]. There was significant decrease in the number of germinal and somatic cells in testis in experimental groups [p<0.05]. There was also a significant decrease in body and testis weight, and concentration of sperms in experimental groups [p<0.05]. Oral administration of trifluralin could decrease gonadotropins and testosterone levels and impair steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis by oxidative stress and production of free radicals